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Who made the Parachute of NASA's Mars 2020 spacecraft? and how it helped for safe and smooth landing on red planet?

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Credit:- NASA The Parachute traveled  742 million km with lander and rover. To slowdown  the descent entry to the red planet. It was designed and tested at NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory southern California. The design of the Parachute is driven by loads. The forces the Parachute experiences as it is fully inflates. Loads are calculated by using atmospheric density, velocity, Parachute drag area & mass. The Parachute used for this mission was 40% larger than the Pathfinder . Design The material used to design must be strong & lightweight enough to fit inside a very small area. It was made with two durable lightweight fabrics  Polyester  and  Nylon . It has a triple tethers that connects the Parachute to the bach shell. This tethers is made out of Kevlar the same material used in bullet proof vests. How it worked? First the Parachute is deployed at an altitude of about 10km above the martial surface. Next heat shield is released using 6 separation nut...

Estimation of total chlorophyll by Aron's method

Purpose:- Estimation of total chlorophyll by Arnon's method. Requirement:- Spectrophotometer Buchner's funnel, filter paper test tube, Fresh leaves. measuring cylinder pestle & mortar 80% Acetone  Formula:- 20.2 (A645) +802 A663) / 1000 x W Principle:- Chlorophyll is extracted in 80% acetone & the absorption at 660 nm& 645 nm are read in s spectrophotometer using the absorption co-efficient, the amount of chlorophyll is calculated Procedure:- 1) Weigh 1 gm of finely cut & well mixed representative sample of a leaf or fruit tissue into a clean mortar 2) Grind the tissue to a fine pulp with the addition of 20mil of 80% acetone   3) Centrifuge (5000 rpm for 5 min) & transfer the supernatant to a 100 ml volumetric flask  4) Repeat this procedure until the residue is colorless wash the mortar and pestle  thoroughly with 80% acetone and collect the clear washing in the volumetric flask 5) Make up the volume to 100 ml with 80% acetone  6) ...

Two staged RC coupled Amplifier

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Purpose: - (a) Study the amplifier combined with two RC components. (b) Set the curve of the frequency response. Therefore determines the bandwidth.   Requirements: - Transistor, function generator, resistors, capacitors, controlled power supply, multimeter, breadboard, connecting cables, etc.   Circuits Diagram:- Opinion: - The amplifier is the building block for many electrical systems. A single-stage amplifier is not enough to build an effective electronic system. When no. The amplifier class is used sequentially called multistage. Amplifier (or) amplifier with cascaded high gain can be obtained from multistage amplifying. Demonstrates how to pair a phase 2 amplifier using the RC-coupling system. This is the most widely used method. In this system, a signal built across the resistor RE (R2) of the first phase is connected below the second phase with a capacitor CE (C2). The coupling capacitor prevents the DC power of the first phase from reaching the base ...